Lakeshore diversity and rarity relationships along interacting disturbance gradients: catchment area, wave action and depth

Diversity patterns of riparian plant communities have been associated with disturbance. Populations of a diversity of Atlantic Coastal Plain plants occur as disjuncts on shores of large catchment area lakes in Nova Scotia. These lakeshore communities contain rare plants with local, national and global rankings. The populations of rare plants are dynamic and their management requires an understanding of the relationship between disturbance and the survival of rare plants. This present study measured (overwinter wooden dowel removal) and observed disturbance along gradients of catchment area (CA), exposure and depth. In three separate experiments ranging from the landscape to the lake, to the single shoreline level, disturbance was linked to lake CA, exposure and depth, respectively. At all scales, disturbance was positively associated with the presence of rare species. The pattern of rare species richness over the river system was complex; at the within-lake level, the frequency of rare species per site was greatest in the intermediate CA lake while the pool of rare species was greatest in the largest CA lake. The findings focus field efforts on wide, exposed shorelines of large CA lakes where new rare plants continue to be discovered. In addition, the discrepancy between highest frequency of rare plants on intermediate CA lakes and highest species pools of rarities on large CA lakes, reinforces the need for larger protected area systems for the most naturally disturbed ecosystems which often support populations having a high turnover rate but a low site to site frequency.     

洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式耕作土壤氮素含量与循环

通过对洞庭湖典型地区的密集采样分析和农户调查,研究了4种利用方式耕作土壤全N、微生物生物量氮(MB-N)含量、两者关系和N素循环特征。结果表明:耕作土壤全N、MB-N含量平均值为3.00±0.48g/kg和101.4±49.2mg/kg。双季稻、一季稻、水田旱作和旱地全N平均含量依次为3.12±0.40g/kg、3.03±0.39g/kg、2.79±0.43g/kg2、.10±0.46g/kg。4种利用方式的MB-N含量分别为124.0±56.6mg/kg、96.4±39.2mg/kg、108.0±48.6mg/kg、75.2±30.5mg/kg。除水田旱作外,MB-N与全N之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。土壤N素盈余量依次为双季稻(105.0kg/hm2.a)>一季稻(75.1kg/hm2.a)>水田旱作油菜(64.5kg/hm2.a)>旱地苎麻(51.9kg/hm2.a)。     

洱海缓冲带土壤特性的空间分布

[目的]了解洱海缓冲带内土壤特性空间分布状况,进而为缓冲带面源污染治理、精细农业与植被布局等提供参考。[方法]采集80个缓冲带表层土壤样品,测定其含水率、有机质、全磷、全氮、氨氮和硝氮的含量,并应用传统统计学和地统计学方法对数据进行分析。[结果](1)土壤中含水率、有机质、全磷、全氮、氨氮和硝氮各项统计特性均通过K—S检验,呈正态分布;(2)洱海缓冲带土壤中养分水平较高;氨氮和硝氮的变异系数大于100%,属强变异性;(3)有机质南部略低,东西向呈东西高,中部低,全氮、全磷南北向呈南北低,中部高,东西向变化不大;(4)有机质表现出强烈的空间相关性,而全氮和全磷空间相关性弱。[结论]缓冲带农田格局和迁移转化是影响土壤特性空间分布的两个重要因素。     

南洞庭湖洲垸土壤中四种重金属的分布特征及污染状况评价

对南洞庭湖10个洲垸地点的土壤进行了4种重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Sb含量的测定与分析,并运用地积累指数法对每种重金属的污染状况进行初步评价,结果表明,重金属Cd的污染普遍较为严重;重金属Pb未达到明显的污染水平;重金属Cu的污染程度虽较轻,但需控制其发展;重金属Sb在某些地点污染较严重,其分布规律呈现较强的不均衡性。     

玄武湖菹草种群空间格局分析及其环境效应

大型水生植物的分布格局与空间尺度有着密切关系,传统的分析方法只能分析一种尺度下的格局。引入点格局分析,以种群空间分布坐标点图为基础,分析各种尺度下的种群格局。运用点格局分析对玄武湖菹草种群的空间分布格局进行研究,并结合N、P等水质指标探讨其环境效应。结果表明,玄武湖菹草种群分布集群特征明显,且在尺度232-344m内聚集最为明显。从水质监测结果看,菹草种群有利于改善水体环境,无种群区的TN、TP和NO3-N浓度明显高于有种群区;溶解氧（DO）则表现为有种群区高于无种群区。菹草在空间分布上的明显规律性,会进一步导致水质参数的空间异质性。     

青海湖地区耕地演变过程与影响机制分析

通过对青海湖地区耕地总面积、内部结构的变化过程和区域差异的分析，探讨了耕地变化的驱动机制。结果发现该区耕地面积变化呈现出平稳增加、激增、螺旋式增加和锐减的演变趋势，内部结构先呈现水浇地面积的显著增加，浅山地、脑山地相对减少的趋势，然后有出现水浇地和其它类型的耕地此消彼张变化阶段趋势；而耕地变化的区域差异也呈现出全区增长，区域不同步和全区减少的变化趋势。影响研究区耕地变化的原因，除自然因子外，国家大政方针和重大农业政策是导致这种变化的主要原因。     

鄱阳湖区水资源利用和保护机制演变及其绩效分析

阐述了建国后鄱阳湖区水资源利用和保护机制在计划机制、“自由配置”和政府积极介入规制3个阶段的演变情况。指出计划机制的失败在于漠视科学;“自由配置”的失败在于“公地悲剧”;政府积极介入有正面作用。对各机制的绩效做了实证性的调查分析,说明了第一阶段向第二阶段演变动力和第二阶段向第三阶段演变动力的不同。前者的演变动力是在制度变革的推动下完成,后者则主要是由于遭到自然惩罚的结果;揭示第一阶段向第二阶段的机制演变绩效不佳甚至破坏力更大,原因是“公地悲剧”更大程度地发生。第二阶段向第三阶段的机制演变绩效应该好于第一阶段向第二阶段演变时期,原因是政府加强了对水资源的保护和管理。最后得出政府与市场相结合的混合市场机制是鄱阳湖水资源有效利用和保护良好机制的基本结论。     

千岛湖水质变化特征与趋势分析

对千岛湖水质综合污染指数分析表明,近10年来千岛湖多数监测项目和各断面污染指数都呈现显著下降的趋势,全湖综合水质趋好,表明千岛湖总体水质的变化正处于相对低的风险状态之中。各断面水污染综合指数的对比分析显示,代表千岛湖主要来水水质的街口、航头岛和百亩畈3个断面分列前三,河流污染物的输入是千岛湖水质下降的主要风险来源,其中街口指标显著高于其他断面,是污染输入强度最大的来源。各监测项目污染指数的对比分析表明总N是影响近期千岛湖水质的首要因子。趋势分析表明,除街口和西园码头外其他各断面负荷比均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势。各监测项目综合污染指数分担率的分析表明,总N、溶解氧和高锰酸钾指数排在前列,3项分担率之和占全湖的71%,其中总N接近49%,显著高于其他项目。趋势分析中总N分担率出现显著下降趋势,其他项目也都表现出不同程度下降趋势,大肠杆菌的变化趋势尚不明确。     

W-OH新材料特性及在青海湖周边地区沙化地植生固沙中的应用

W-OH是一种新型的化学植生固沙材料,通过室内试验及青海湖周边地区的不同处理方式植生固沙试验表明,3%～5%浓度的W-OH材料在抗冻、抗压、抗拉、抗紫外线等性能均能达到青海湖周边地区植生固沙的要求,在处理方式喷涂W-OH+沟处理试验中取得了良好的植被恢复和治沙效果,适合在青海湖周边地区类似条件的地区进行推广应用。     

The Anatomy and Venom-Emitting Mechanism of the Globiferous Pedicellariae of the Urchin Parechinus Angulosus (Leske) With Notes on Their Behaviour

The freshwater snails belonging to the genus Melanoides Olivier, 1804 are widespread across tropical regions of the world and endemic species have evolved in the African Lakes Malawi, Mweru and Tanganyika. The endemic Melanoides species of Lake Malawi have been investigated several times during the last century, due to their large conchological variation, but no unambiguous answer regarding the number of species has been given. The phylogenetic relationship between morphs or genetic clones of Melanoides in Lake Malawi was inferred by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial genes 16S and COI. Additional sequences from GenBank were included to investigate the relationship to other morphs from different parts of the world. For the first time, a putative secondary structure was developed for a partial region of 16S in this genus to identify the variability of the secondary structure in stems and loops. The molecular analyses indicated that several genetic clones exist in Lake Malawi and that M. tuberculata is a paraphyletic taxon. It is not clear from the results whether invasions or dispersals account for the complex situation in Lake Malawi. The basal position of M. admirabilis, endemic to Lake Tanganyika, in the inferred phylogeny indicates that Africa might be the origin of the genus. The results further indicate that three major clades of Melanoides, consisting of several genetic clones, are present in Lake Malawi; one clade consisting of invasive M. tuberculata, another of native M. tuberculata and a third consisting of the M. polymorpha- complex. It appears as if the unique development of morphs within the Melanoides genus in Lake Malawi has evolved primarily by divergence of genetic clones instead of species differentiation.